中国稀土管制

什么是稀土

稀土（Rare Earth Elements, REE）通常包括17种化学元素的统称。

镧系元素（15种）：镧 La、铈 Ce、镨 Pr (praseodymium)、钕 Nd（neodymium）、钷 Pm、钐 Sm、铕 Eu、钆 Gd、铽 Tb (terbium)、镝 Dy (dysprosium)、钬 Ho、铒 Er、铥 Tm、镱 Yb、镥 Lu。
另外2种性质相似的元素：钪 Sc、钇 Y。

在地壳中，稀土元素的总量并不「稀少」，它们比金、银、铂的量还丰富。

被称为“稀土”，是因为它们早期发现时，相关矿物很难分离、提纯，且提取工艺复杂，名字也因此延用至今。

它们的物理化学性质独特，具有优异的磁性、光学和催化性能，广泛应用于高科技领域。

中国拥有全球最大、最丰富的稀土资源储备，约占世界储量的36%，产量约占全球87%，加工能力占全球90%以上。

稀土一般分为两类：

轻稀土（LREE）：镧、铈、镨、钕、钐等，主要产自中国内蒙古包头。
重稀土（HREE）：铽、镝、铒、镥等，主要产自江西、广东等离子吸附型矿。

56号公告

2025年10月9日，中国商务部和海关总署发布《公布对部分稀土设备和原辅料相关物项实施出口管制的决定》（2025年第56号公告）。

侧重于从生产源头对用于稀土产业的特定设备和原材料进行管制。

61号公告

2025年10月9日，中国商务部发布《公布对境外相关稀土物项实施出口管制的决定》（2025年第61号公告）

一、境外组织和个人（以下称“境外特定出口经营者”）在向中国以外的其他国家和地区出口以下物项前，必须获得中国商务部颁发的两用物项出口许可证件。
（一）含有、集成或者混有原产于中国的本公告附件1第一部分所列物项在境外制造的本公告附件1第二部分所列物项，且附件1第一部分所列物项占境外制造的附件1第二部分所列物项的价值比例达到0.1%及以上的；
（二）使用原产于中国的稀土开采、冶炼分离、金属冶炼、磁材制造、稀土二次资源回收利用相关技术在境外生产的本公告附件1所列物项；
（三）原产于中国的本公告附件1所列物项。

二、对向境外军事用户的出口申请，以及向出口管制管控名单和关注名单所列的进口商和最终用户（包括其控股50%及以上的子公司、分公司等分支机构）的出口申请，原则上不予许可。

三、用于或者可能用于以下最终用途的出口申请，原则上不予许可：
（一）设计、开发、生产、使用大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具；
（二）恐怖主义目的；
（三）军事用途或者提升军事潜力。

四、最终用途为研发、生产14纳米及以下逻辑芯片或者256层及以上存储芯片，以及制造上述制程半导体的生产设备、测试设备和材料，或者研发具有潜在军事用途的人工智能的出口申请，逐案审批。

62号公告

2025年10月9日，中国商务部发布《对稀土相关技术实施出口管制的决定》（2025年第62号公告）。

首次将稀土全产业链技术纳入出口管制范围，覆盖开采、冶炼分离、金属冶炼、磁材制造及回收利用等环节。

Trump's Response on Social Truth

"It has just been learned that China has taken an extraordinarily aggressive position on Trade in sending an extremely hostile letter to the World, stating that they were going to, effective November 1st, 2025, impose large scale Export Controls on virtually every product they make, and some not even made by them.

They are becoming very hostile, and sending letters to Countries throughout the World, that they want to impose Export Controls on each and every element of production having to do with Rare Earths, and virtually anything else they can think of, even if it's not manufactured in China. This was a real surprise, not only to me, but to all the Leaders of the Free World.

I have not spoken to President Xi because there was no reason to do so. I was to meet President Xi in two weeks, at APEC, in South Korea, but now there seems to be no reason to do so. There is no way that China should be allowed to hold the World ‘captive,’ but that seems to have been their plan for quite some time, starting with the ‘Magnets’ and, other Elements that they have quietly amassed into somewhat of a Monopoly position, a rather sinister and hostile move, to say the least.

One of the Policies that we are calculating at this moment is a massive increase of Tariffs on Chinese products coming into the United States of America. We’re going to have to see what happens. That’s why I made it November 1st.“

"Starting November 1st, 2025 (or sooner, depending on any further actions or changes taken by China), the United States of America will impose a Tariff of 100% on China, over and above any Tariff they are currently paying.

Additionally, effective the same date, we will impose Export Controls on any and all critical software.

I never thought it would come to this but perhaps, as with all things, the time has come. Ultimately, though potentially painful, it will be a very good thing, in the end, for the U.S.A.

China’s representatives and I are trying to do a complete deal, leaving NOTHING unresolved on the table. All of the many problems are being discussed and will be hopefully resolved. But their recent actions on Rare Earths and other critical materials are absolutely unheard of in International Trade, and a moral disgrace in dealing with other Nations."